0 Background on the development of new power systems

As the central link of energy transformation and the key area of carbon emission reduction,driven by the goal of“carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” constructing a new power system has become an effective way to realize energy transformation and promote sustainable development.Constructing clean,low-carbon,safe,and efficient energy systems has become important for transforming and developing future energy systems [1].In the same year,State Grid Corporation released “Action Plan for Building a New Electricity System with New Energy as the Mainstay(2021–2030),” and China Southern Power Grid Corporation released “Action Plan for Building a New Electricity System (2021–2030).” These were to fully implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s “four revolutions and one cooperation” new energy security strategy,serve the national “peak carbon by 2030,carbon neutrality by 2060”target requirements,and promote constructing a new power system with new energy as the mainstay.

On February 10,2022,the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration jointly issued the “Opinions on Improving Institutional Mechanisms and Policy Measures for Green and Low-carbon Energy Transition.” The “1+N” policy system was concretized in the energy sector.The opinions were refined to “improve the construction and operation mechanisms of new power systems” content for the first time from an official point of view on how to build a new type of power system to specify the exact direction and significantly promote the process of building a new type of power system in China.

The new power system takes new energy as the main body of production and consumption.Multiple grid forms coexist,and the source,grid,load,and storage are deeply coordinated,with the basic characteristics of clean and low-carbon,safe and controllable,flexible and efficient,intelligent and friendly,open and interactive,etc.[1]Attaching importance to new energy access is an important embodiment of the future of China’s energy and power industry to follow the ecological civilization thought of General Secretary Xi Jinping and an important practice to help promote China’s dual carbon strategic goals.In the context of the development of the new era,the study of the new power system implementation path is an important research direction for the energy and power industry [2,3].

Since the 14th Five-Year Plan,China’s power structure green low-carbon transformation trend has been significant.At the end of September 2022,the installed capacity of China’s renewable energy power generation exceeded 1.1 billion kilowatts,ranking first in the world.However,thermal power generation with coal as the primary fuel still ranks first,with thermal power generation accounting for approximately 71.13% of China’s total social power generation in 2021.Approximately 80% of the country’s carbon emissions come from the energy system,whereas power industry emissions exceed 40% of the total carbon emissions from the energy system.Therefore,carbon peak target constraints and China’s average annual carbon emissions growth rate need to be reduced from the past average of 3.6% to 0.5% [4].The conventional fossil energybased power generation industry is undoubtedly the main emission-reduction battleground.There is still tremendous pressure to realize the low-carbon transformation of the power industry and many challenges to building a new power system[5,6].Presently,the construction of new power systems in all provinces and cities in China is in the rapid development of the construction of the pilot phase,lack of mature systems to learn from,and lack of replicable and scalable development paths.Different regions have different power grid development stages.The construction and design of new power systems must be based on the actual development stage of the local power grid,combined with local resource endowment and energy demand,after carefully considering the design.Therefore,it is crucial to clarify the development stage of different regional power grids and design new power system development paths with regional characteristics.

1 Analysis of the characteristics of the new power system form

In the article,“Accelerate the construction of a new type of power system,” published in the People’s Daily on August 3,2021,constructing a new type of power system with new energy as the main body requires increased investment in the entire production chain,delivery,and use of electric energy was proposed.Various experts in the industry have made in-depth interpretations of the characteristics of the new power system form.

1.1 Supply side: high proportion of new energy widely accessible

The core feature of the new power system is the dominance of new energy which implies that the new power structure is dominated by new energy generation.Achieving large-scale replacement of fossil energy with new energy sources and large-scale electrical energy replacement on the terminal energy side are crucial in the energy sector to promote the realization of China’s “double carbon” goal[7].Onshore wind and photovoltaic power generation will rapidly develop into the main power supply.The power supply structure will continue to be optimized,showing the power supply structure trend of “scenery leading,multisource coordination.” In the future,extensive access to new energy will be intelligent and flexible,friendly to the grid,and equipped with efficient and environmentally friendly features.The new energy installation will be centralized and distributed,power supply will be actively secured,and transformation will be promoted [8],jointly alleviating the problem of reverse distribution of resources in China.

1.2 Transmission and distribution side: flexible and reliable allocation of resources in a highly resilient grid

Wind power and photovoltaics are fluctuating sources of new energy; a high proportion of new energy accessing the grid security operation has higher requirements [9,10].Under the new power system,the grid must have sufficient carrying capacity to cope with large-scale clean energy and power supply,with multiple high-interaction capacity source grids,loads,and storage,and give full play to the grid’s ability to allocate resources on a large scale.The grid form will be changed to include an AC–DC hybrid grid,microgrid,regional grid interconnection,local DC grid,and adjustable load energy Internet grid [11].A highly resilient grid will be established based on the interconnected power Internet and a new generation of dispatching systems with grid-wide cooperation, id="generateCatalog_6" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0em; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(195, 101, 0); font-weight: bold; margin: 0.7em 0em;">1.3 Demand side: end-load multiple interactions

First,the future end-use energy structure and electrification level will continue to improve,and electrical energy will gradually become the most important energy consumption variety.Around meeting people’s desire for a better life,electrical energy substitution,electric vehicles,clean heating,rooftop photovoltaic,home energy storage devices,and smart homes are widely used,making the electrical load towards diversification.Simultaneously,with the rapid development of distributed power supply,multiple loads,and energy storage,many user-side subjects have dual attributes of power generation and electricity consumption.These attributes form a new model for consumers and producers,and the end load changes to a new characteristic of flexibility,production,and consumption [13].The netload interaction and demand-side response capabilities will continue to improve,forming new operating characteristics with source,grid,load,and storage multiple synergies and high interaction capabilities.Green power,quality power supplies,power data,and other value-added services have become the new needs of users [14,15].Second,artificial intelligence,big data,and other digital empowerment of new infrastructure.The physical layer,construction of interconnection,and deep integration with different types of energy fields such as natural gas,transportation,and other integrated energy networks,improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency and overall effectiveness of the system,promote the realization of efficient collaboration between multiple entities,and promote the efficient and intensive use of energy.The information layer,power,and energy technology gradually integrated with modern information and communication network technology to build an information-physical social system.Create an efficient,safe,convenient,and flexible application of the IOT network [16].In the data layer,the electric power industry undergoes digital transformation and builds a dynamic electric power digital ecosystem.

2 New power system development stage identification model

The scientific division of each regional power grid development stage,grasping the different development stages of the power grid characteristics and regional power demand status for reasonable planning of the long-term development plan of the power grid to achieve sustainable development is of great significance.According to the grid development rules of Germany,Japan,the United Kingdom,the United States,and other developed countries,the grid development shows the typical “S” characteristics,as shown in Fig.1 [17,18].Overall,grid development goes through four stages: the initial development stage,rapid development stage,mature development stage,and postdevelopment stage.

Fig.1 Grid Development Law

In the initial grid development stage,the speed and acceleration are relatively small.However,as time goes by,they increase in varying degrees.In the later stage of grid development,they gradually become slower as the construction of the grid tends to saturate.This feature is consistent with the characteristics of the logistic curve.Fvehulst proposed a logistic model to simulate the development process of “S”-shaped growth under resource constraints.This model is also the main way scholars study the grid demand side of the saturation load and determine the development stage of the grid.Therefore,the logistic growth model can be used to analyze the trend of grid development level with time t.The fitted model is shown as follows [19,20]:

where U(t) is the level of the grid developed over time;K is the saturation value of the grid development; b is the parameter to be estimated,is the influencing factor,which usually contains per capita electricity consumption,gross regional product,etc.,and t is the time.

Further sorting of Equation 1 yields

Integrating Model 2 yields

where: C1and C2are constants.

Further simplification and collation of Model 3 yields a growth model of the grid development level over time,as follows:

where: a = C1- C2.

In the above equation,U(t) represents the grid level developed over time; K is the saturation value of the grid development level function; a is the parameter related to the level of the initial stage of grid development; b is the growth parameter,and t is the time.

3 New power system development path design

3.1 Supply side

The power supply development mode continues to expand the depth of electrical energy substitution,promote coal power from the support of power to regulatory power transformation,support pumped storage,energy storage,and other peak power construction.It also promotes new energy consumption,provides full-service new energy development,does a good job of new energy connection services,and helps promote low-carbon transformation [21].

The scheduling operation mode helps promote flexible synergy.Based on the objective reality of grid operation,it is necessary to promote the construction of pumped storage power stations,support the large-scale application of new energy storage,and ensure the safe and compliant grid connection of power stations and energy storage facilities.

3.2 Transmission and distribution side

In the power supply guarantee,continue to strengthen the expansion of the “west to east,north to south” pattern scale,promote efficient internal circulation of energy resources,to ensure that the regional power and energy transformation needs; adhere to the hierarchical zoning,and gradually build a “reasonable zoning,flexible interconnection,safe and controllable,open and mutual assistance” to adapt to the development of large-scale new energy strong main grid form,to create “strong,simple and orderly,flexible and reliable,economic and efficient” intelligent modern distribution grid.In the level of grid wisdom,digital transformation is the focus,the construction of the energy Internet digital platform,empowering diversification,scaling development,optimizing the grid structure,and accelerating digitally strong grids.

3.3 Load side

The load side promotes integrated management and top-level design of demand-side responses in customers’electricity consumption behaviors.It also incorporates demand-side response into the overall layout of the novel power system construction from the source and further promotes the development of a demand-side response scale.An energy Internet ecology centered on electricity is created in the marketing service mode.In addition,the construction of “power supply + energy efficiency services”,Promote the complementary and comprehensive utilization of electricity,hydrogen,gas,heat,cold,and other energy sources.Also,there is the speeding up of the construction of “Internet +,” which can adapt to the development and supply of integrated,diversified energy use and multi-state services.“Modern customer service model.”

4 An empirical study on the development path of the novel power system of Hebei South Grid

4.1 Judgment of the development stage of Hebei South Grid

Compared with the annual electricity consumption index and specific numerical characteristics of the grid,such as installed capacity and transmission line length,the regional per capita electricity consumption index can eliminate the influence of the population change factor in the annual electricity consumption.The index can also reflect regional economic and social development and the state of grid development.However,the data are open and easily accessible.Based on data availability,reasonableness,and scientific considerations,this study chose the per capita electricity consumption index to simulate the development stage of the southern grid in Hebei.Based on the models mentioned above (Equations 1–4) and relevant data in Hebei,the fitted model and fitted curve results are shown as follows:

Combining the analysis results in Fig.2 and Table 1,the interval between the development stages of the Hebei South Grid was approximately ten years.Its development stages are divided as follows: the initial development stage before 2015±3,during which the initial establishment of the grid network structure occurred,the grid development level was low,and the development speed was relatively slow.The rapid development stage was 2016±3–2025±3,during which the grid development level improved rapidly,and the grid scale expanded rapidly.The mature development stage is 2026±3–2035±3.The grid scale continues to improve,and after the development growth rate reaches its maximum,the grid development level slowly reaches its peak.The post-development stage is 2036±3 years when the grid development level reaches a high level.The grid scale tends to stabilize while the operation method,investment efficiency,and other aspects remain relatively stable.In this stage,technical reform and innovative planning are needed to enhance efficiency and create a novel development situation.The logistic model calculation results show that the novel power system of Hebei South Grid is in a rapid development stage,and the level of grid development efficiency is initially improved.

Table 1 Point estimates and interval estimates of parameters related to logistic model of Hebei South Grid

Fig.2 Logistic function curve of the development of the Hebei South Grid

4.2 Development of new power system in the Hebei South Grid path

According to the results of the classification of the power grid development stage,the construction of new power system for the Hebei South Grid is in a rapid development stage.This section describes the design of the development path of Hebei’s new power system based on an analysis of the development path of the novel power system and the current situation of Hebei’s power grid from the power supply,transmission,distribution,and load links.A framework diagram of the novel power system in Hebei Province is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3 Framework of the novel power system in Hebei Province

Based on the actual situation of the Hebei South Grid and the seven principles of top-level design,standards first,solving practical problems,leading in Xiong’an,main distribution grid synergy,and technological innovation,this study proposed specific development action paths in six aspects: low-carbon transformation,flexible synergy,attracting electricity in Hebei,a strong digital grid,improving quality and efficiency,and demand response.

4.2.1 Supply side

(1) Low-carbon transition

First,the regional “coal to electricity” clean thermal power supply services were vigorously promoted around the industry,transportation,life,and other key areas.The construction of the Xiong’an New Area “adequate ahead of time,fast-charging based” intelligent charging service grid to promote the formation of green production and lifestyles further expanded the depth and breadth of electric energy substitution.The thermal power flexibility transformation was also fully promoted [22] while continuously deepening the construction of peaking auxiliary service markets and standardizing the flexibility of the construction of thermal power units.

Second,opening up wind power,photovoltaic power generation,and other novel energy-supporting grid projects and the construction of “green channels” do a good job of providing new energy connection services.Research source grids,load storage synergy,digital transformation of the power grid,and other key technologies are required to crack the high penetration rate of distributed new energy access and consumption,as well as solve other problems [23].These established and improved the standard system for distributed construction.

(2) Flexible Synergy

This involved improving the system regulation capacity,rolling out the peaking demand analysis of the southern grid of Hebei,and cooperating with government departments to do an excellent job in the medium- and long-term planning of pumped storage power plants.Furthermore,to optimize the layout and construction timing of pumped storage power plants according to the objective reality of development and operation,expand the analysis of new energy consumption capacity,strongly support the development of powerside and user-side energy storage,clarify the technical requirements of grid-connected electrochemical energy storage,conduct grid-connected energy storage dispatch testing,ensure that energy storage facilities are connected to the grid in a safe and compliant manner [24],and support the large-scale application of new energy storage.

Second,based on the source grid,load,and storage,the entire element can be observed,measured,and controlled to promote the power system’s synergistic interaction with the inter-temporal balance of transformation.According to local conditions,microgrid demonstration projects are built to promote the development of distributed novel energy and microgrids.Real-time operation data and numerical weather forecasts are integrated to build a novel distributed energy power prediction system.Building a novel distributedenergy group regulation and control system involved optimizing the novel energy dispatch management mode.

4.2.2 Transmission and distribution side

(1) Electricity was introduced to Hebei

Hebei’s high-quality economic and social development,power supply contradictions,and resource endowment are inadequate,with the strain of power supply security and other challenges.Active promotion of the cooperation of the government and major energy provinces towards novel ultra-high voltage landing points and “point-to-grid”transmission capacity will increase the input of clean energy from outside the region,accelerate the formation of “multidirectional,large-scale injection” ion channels,improve the main grid’s external power supply pattern,accelerate the construction of modern urban and rural distribution grids,and plan distribution grids to meet the regional characteristics and development needs of Hebei.It will also modernize the construction of urban and rural distribution grids,meet the regional characteristics and development needs of the distribution grid planning in Hebei Province,accelerate the pilot construction of a novel generation of scheduling technology support systems in Hebei and Xiong’an provinces and localities,further build a novel power system security and stability control system,and effectively alleviate the dual pressure of power shortage and emission reduction [25].

(2) Digital Power Grid

First,to improve the level of grid wisdom,build the energy Internet digital platform as the basis,conduct indepth promotion of the three-year power grid upgrade action,use Xiong’an new area digital grid’s active grid construction as a demonstration,continue to optimize the structure of the power grid at all levels,and improve the level of wisdom of the distribution grid [26].

Second,we continued to optimize the structure of power grids at the provincial and urban levels and improved the level of equipment,regulation capacity,and adaptability of distribution grids.We also promoted the balance of electricity in layers,gradations,and groups,built two levels of energy data centers and related new dynamic energy industry chains.We equally promoted the construction of energy industrial Internet service ecology and user energy consumption monitoring systems through grid digitization and transparency.We established in-depth customer energy consumption monitoring within households.Finally,we provided a technical practice path for most residential customers to participate in load interaction [27].

4.2.3 Load side

(1) Improving quality and efficiency

First,we expanded the market for energy and other strategic emerging industries.Next,we focused on energy efficiency improvement and distributed novel energy development and utilization.The company will expand integrated energy projects and value-added services,such as electricity-oriented multi-energy supply,building energy hosting,and intelligent operation and maintenance,and make a breakthrough in integrating water,electricity,gas,and heat.Relying on a provincial-level intelligent energy service platform,the company regularly gave customers energy efficiency bills and comprehensive energy efficiency diagnosis reports.

Second,the low-voltage side of the distribution grid’s non-stop operation is fully promoted.Adhering to the customer-centric,comprehensive promotion of mediumand low-voltage distribution grid non-stop operations; talent training and echelon construction were accelerated,the incentive policy for non-stop operation was improved and the allocation of comprehensive non-stop operation and low-voltage non-stop operation equipment was increased.In addition,the application of novel technologies and equipment,such as intelligent operation robots,mediumvoltage power generation vehicles,and low-voltage bypass operation systems,was promoted.

(2) Demand responses

One of them is to increase demand-side regulatory capability.Build customer-side resource aggregation service systems,integrate various regulable load resources such as energy storage,distributed power supply,industrial production,and residential power consumption,and participate in the demand response market [28],auxiliary service market,and spot market.Cooperate with the dispatch control system and strengthen the load forecasting and control capabilities [29].Establish a demand-side management mode of “demand response priority and orderly power consumption guarantee” and create further breakthroughs in “integration of source,grid,load,and storage.”

The second is the design of numerous types of demand response strategies,such as time-sharing tariffs.Guide users to conserve electricity and avoid peak loads.Make the periods with loose system supply and demand and the low marginal cost of power supply as low valley hours.Guide users to adjust loads and promote new energy consumption;clarify the implementation scope of time-sharing tariffs;establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism,and strengthen the connection with the power market[30].

5 Conclusion

The construction of a novel power system is a highly complex project that requires synergy between source and grid–load storage.This study analyzed the characteristics of novel power system construction on the power supply,demand,transmission,and distribution sides.The study also proposed the design of a novel power system development path based on regional characteristics and constructed a novel power system development stage identification model.On the supply side,it was proposed that the breadth and depth of power supply substitution expand continuously and the dispatching operation mode flexible and cooperative.On the transmission and distribution side,it was proposed to promote the efficient internal circulation of energy resources,guarantee the power supply,and accelerate the promotion of a strong digital network.On the load side,it was proposed to promote the scale development of demand-side response and accelerate the construction of a novel power system with an efficient “Internet Plus”modern customer service mode.On this basis,taking Hebei Southern Power Grid as an example,the identification of the novel power system of the Hebei Southern Power Grid is in a rapid development stage.Hebei’s development action path was proposed from six aspects: low-carbon transformation,flexible cooperation,introduction of electricity into Hebei,a strong digital grid,improvement of quality and efficiency,and demand-side response according to local conditions.All these are expected to provide paths and methods for constructing new-generation power systems.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by (1) the State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.,Ltd project and (2) the National Natural Science Foundation of China’s major project,“Research on the Construction of China’s Economic Transformation Mode for Carbon Neutrality (72140001).This study is titled“Research on Novel Power System Development Path”.

Declaration of Competing Interest

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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Full-length article

Received: 26 October 2022/ Accepted: 21 February 2023/ Published: 25 April 2023

Yuanying Chi

goodcyy@bjut.edu.cn

Jialin Li

tuziljl@126.com

Xiangyu Chen

chenxy1@he.sgcc.com.cn

Guang Tian

soltian@126.com

YangYang

yyang8958@126.com

Yuxi Wu

wu_yuxii@163.com

Yan Huang

113686000@qq.com

2096-5117/© 2023 Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.,Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Biographies

Xiangyu Chen received a Bachelor’s degree from the Northeast Electric Power University and works at the State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.,Shijiazhuang.His main research interests are strategic planning and business management of power grid enterprises.

Guang Tian received a master’s degree from the North China Electric Power University.He also works at the State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.,Shijiazhuang,with research interests in low-carbon energy technology,power big data application,energy development policy,etc.

Yan Huang received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from North China Electric Power University,Beijing in 2002 and 2005.She is working at the Energy Development Research Institute,China Southern Power Grid,Guangzhou.Her research interests include ecnomic engineering and project management.

Yang Yang has a doctorate from the North China Electric Power University.He works at the Economic and Technical Research Institute of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.,Shijiazhuang.His main research interests include energy economic policy and energy big data technology research.

Jialin Li,Ph.D.Candidate,School of Economics and Management,North China Electric Power University,with research interests in energy economics,management,and sustainable energy development.

Yuxi Wu, Ph.D.Candidate,School of Economics and Management,Beijing Institute of Technology,with research interests in energy economics and sustainable development.

Yuanying Chi, Ph.D.is a professor at the School of Economics and Management,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing,China.Her main research interests are low-carbon economy and energy economics,climate change,and carbon emissions.

(Editor Yanbo Wang)